Spousal privilege

Overview
In the United States, the spousal privilege comprises two separate privileges, the marital confidences privilege and the spousal testimonial privilege.

Marital confidences privilege
The marital confidences privilege, also called the marital communications privilege, is a form of privileged communication protecting the contents of confidential communications between a married couple. This privilege applies in civil and criminal cases. When applied, a court cannot compel one spouse to testify against the other concerning confidential communications made during marriage.

The privilege generally applies only where both of the following are true: (1) a third party was not present during the communication (the presence of a third party would destroy the confidential nature of the communication), and (2) both parties intended that the communication be confidential.

The privilege is usually restricted to confidential communications made during marriage and does not include communications made before the marriage or after divorce. The privilege does, however, generally survive the divorce; that is, a person can be prevented from testifying about confidential communications with an ex-spouse made during the marriage.

Either spouse can invoke this privilege, either refusing to testify or preventing their spouse from testifying. Finally, courts may require that the communication relate specifically to the marriage.

The spousal testimonial privilege
The spousal testimonial privilege (a.k.a. spousal immunity) can be used to prevent any party in a criminal case from calling the defendant's spouse to testify against the defendant about any topic. In federal court as a matter of common law, this privilege attaches to the witness spouse; that is, the defendant's spouse can refuse to testify against the defendant, but the defendant may not prevent his or her spouse from testifying against him or her.

This privilege does not survive the marriage; that is, after divorce, there is no right to refuse to testify against a defendant ex-spouse. This privilege may be restricted to testimony about events that occurred during the marriage, although in some jurisdictions it may apply to testimony about events occurring prior to the marriage.

Other rules relating to the privileges
Both rules are suspended in the case of divorce proceedings or child custody disputes, and in cases where one spouse is accused of a crime against the other spouse or the spouse's child. Courts generally do not permit an adverse spouse to invoke either privilege during a trial initiated by the other spouse, or in the case of domestic abuse. The privileges may also be suspended where both spouses are joint participants in a crime, depending on the law of the jurisdiction.

Marital privilege is based on the policy of encouraging spousal harmony, and preventing people from having to condemn, or being condemned by, their spouses.