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Fair Information Practice Principles
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=== HEW Report === The FIPPs were first articulated in a comprehensive manner in the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare's seminal 1973 report entitled [[Records, Computers and the Rights of Citizens]] (1973) ([http://aspe.hhs.gov/datacncl/1973privacy/tocprefacemembers.htm full-text]) (hereinafter "HEW Report"). The HEW Report was the result of the committee’s look at the impact of [[computerization]] of [[information]] on [[privacy]] and included recommendations on developing [[policies]] that would allow the benefits of [[computerization]] to go forward, but at the same time provide [[safeguards]] for [[personal privacy]]. The backdrop surrounding the HEW report and the [[Privacy Act of 1974]] included several years of intense [[Congress]]ional hearings examining the [[surveillance]] activities of the Nixon and J. Edgar Hoover era and the post-Watergate support for government reform.<ref>Flowing from the numerous abuses of power uncovered by [[Congress]] and the [[media]] during the early 1970s, the [[Privacy Act of 1974]] set out a comprehensive regime limiting the [[collection]], use and [[dissemination]] of [[personal information]] held by government agencies. The [[Privacy Act of 1974]] also established penalties for improper [[disclosure]] of [[personal information]] and gave individuals the right to gain [[access]] to their [[personal information]] held by Federal agencies.</ref> In the HEW Report, the Advisory Committee recommended the enactment of legislation establishing a [[Code of Fair Information Practice]] for all automated personal data systems and set forth five basic principles to safeguard requirements for automated personal data systems: * There must be no [[personal data]] [[record-keeping]] [[system]]s whose very existence is secret. ([[transparency]]; [[openness]]) * There must be a way for an individual to find out what [[information]] about him or her is in a [[record]] and how it is used. (individual participation) * There must be a way for an individual to prevent [[information]] about him or her that was obtained for one purpose from being used or made available for other purposes without his or her [[consent]]. (purpose limitation) * There must be a way for an individual to correct or amend a [[record]] of [[identifiable information]] about him or her. * Any organization creating, maintaining, using, or [[disseminating]] [[record]]s of [[identifiable personal data]] must assure the [[reliability]] of the [[data]] for their intended use and must take precautions to prevent [[misuse]] of the [[data]]. ([[data quality]] and [[integrity]]) The [[Code of Fair Information Practices]] predated the [[Privacy Act of 1974]] by over a year, and influenced the enactment of the [[1974 Privacy Act|Privacy Act]]. From their origin in 1973, fair information practices "became the dominant U.S. approach to information privacy protection for the next three decades."<ref>Alan Westin, Social and Political Dimensions of Privacy 436 (2003).</ref> Since the HEW Report, a canon of fair information practice principles has been developed by a variety of governmental and inter-governmental agencies.
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