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=== Domain name registration === In the years following [[NSFNET]], [[NSF]] helped navigate the road to a self-governing and commercially viable Internet during a period of remarkable growth. The most visible, and most contentious, component of the Internet transition was the [[Domain name registration|registration of domain names]]. [[Domain name registration]] associates a human-readable character string (such as βnsf.govβ) with [[Internet Protocol]] ([[IP]]) [[IP address|addresses]], which [[computer]]s use to locate one another. The [[Department of Defense]] funded early [[domain name registration]] efforts because most registrants were military users and awardees. By the early 1990s, academic institutions comprised the majority of new registrations, so the [[Federal Networking Council]] (a group of government agencies involved in [[networking]]) asked [[NSF]] to assume responsibility for non-military Internet [[Domain name registration|registration]]. In January 1993, the [[NSF]] entered into a 5-year cooperative agreement with [[Network Solutions]], Inc. ([[NSI]]), to take over the jobs of [[domain name registration|registering]] new, nonmilitary [[domain name]]s, including those ending in [[.com]], [[.net]], and [[.org]], and running the [[authoritative root server]].<ref>[[Network Solutions]] later merged with [[VeriSign]]. The new company currently uses the [[VeriSign]] name. Under its original agreement with the [[NSF]], [[Network Solutions]] was also responsible for registering [[second-level domain name]]s in the restricted [[.gov]] and [[.edu]] [[top-level domain]]s.</ref> In September 1995, as the demand for Internet [[Domain name registration|registration]] became largely commercial (97%) and grew by orders of magnitude, the [[NSF]] authorized [[NSI]] to charge a fee for [[domain name registration]]. Previously, [[NSF]] had subsidized the cost of [[Domain name registration|registering]] all [[domain name]]s. At that time, there were 120,000 [[Registration|registered]] [[domain name]]s. In September 1998, when [[NSF]]βs agreement with [[NSI]] expired, the number of [[Domain name registration|registered domain names]] had passed 2 million.
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