Editing Access

:::NOTE: The organization named '''Access''' is discussed at [[Access (organization)]].

'''(Noun)''' '''Access''' is the

{{Quote|entry granted to a [[software]] path that establishes the right to use a [[system]] and its resources: to [[read]], [[write]], [[modify]], or [[delete]] [[data]] and/or to use [[software process]]es with various capabilities.<ref>[[CNSSI 4009]], at 1.</ref>}}

{{Quote|[a]bility and the means necessary to approach, [[store]], or [[data retrieval|retrieve data]], or [[communicate]] with or make use of any resource of a [[computer]] [[information system]].<ref>[[Auditing and Financial Management: Glossary of EDP Terminology]], at 1.</ref>}}

{{Quote|[a]bility to physically or [[logical]]ly enter or make use of an [[IT system]] or area ([[secured]] or [[unsecured]]). The [[process]] of [[interact]]ing with a [[system]].<ref>[[FFIEC]], IT Examination Handbook Infobase, Glossary ([https://ithandbook.ffiec.gov/glossary.aspx full-text]).</ref>}}

'''(Verb)''' To achieve the status of having '''access.'''

{{Quote|For purposes of the [[CFAA]], when someone sends an [[e-mail message]] from his or her own [[computer]], and the [[message]] then is [[transmit]]ted through a number of other [[computer]]s until it reaches its destination, the [[sender]] is making use of all of those [[computer]]s, and is therefore ''''accessing'''' them.<ref>[[AOL v. National Health Care|America Online, Inc. v. National Health Care Discount, Inc.]], 121 F.Supp.2d 1255, 1273 (N.D. Iowa 2000) ([http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=10361243305925433691&q=121+F.+Supp.+2d+1255&hl=en&as_sdt=2002 full-text]).</ref>}}

In the area of [[computer crime]], the term "access" is often used as an element of a criminal act. For example, under the California computer crime statute, the term '''access''' is defined as

{{Quote|to gain entry to, instruct, or [[communicate]] with the logical, arithmetical, or [[memory]] function resources of a [[computer]], [[computer system]], or [[computer network]].<ref>Cal. Penal Code §502.</ref>}}

In the Washington state computer crime law, '''access''' is defined as:

{{Quote|to approach, instruct, [[communicate]] with, [[store]] [[data]] in, [[data retrieval|retrieve data]] from, or otherwise make use of any resources of a [[computer]], directly or by [[electronic]] means.<ref>Wash. Rev. Code 9A.52.010(6).</ref>}}

In the West Virginia state computer crime law, '''access'' is similarly defined as:

{{Quote|to instruct, [[communicate]] with, [[store]] [[data]] in, [[data retrieval|retrieve data]] from, [[intercept]] [[data]] from or otherwise make use of any [[computer]], [[computer network]], [[computer program]], [[computer software]], [[computer data]] or other [[computer resources]].<ref>West Virginia Computer Crime and Abuse Act, W. Va. Stat. §61-3C-3.</ref>}}

=== Cybersecurity ===

'''Access''' is the

{{Quote|[a]bility and means to [[communicate]] with (i.e., provide [[input]] to or receive [[output]] from), or otherwise make use of any [[information]], [[resource]], or [[component]] in a [[classified]] [[automated information system]].<ref>[[DOE Manual 470.4-7]], at 2.</ref>}}

=== Data security ===

'''Access''' is

{{Quote|the ability or the means necessary to [[read]], [[write]], [[modify]], or [[communicate]] [[data]]/[[information]] or otherwise use any [[system resource]].<ref>45 C.F.R. § 164.304.</ref>}}

=== Foreign computer/cybercrime laws ===

In the Philippines, '''access''' is defined as:

{{Quote|the instruction, [[communication]] with, [[storing]] [[data]] in, [[data retrieval|retrieving data]] from, or otherwise making use of any resources of a [[computer system]] or [[communication network]].<ref>[[Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012]] (Philippines) §3(a).</ref>}}

=== General ===

'''Access''' is the right to enter or make use of.

{{Quote|[t]he technical capability to [[interface]] with a [[communications facility]], such as a communications line or [[switch]], so that law enforcement can monitor and receive [[call setup information]] and [[call content]].<ref>[[Office of Technology Assessment]], [[Electronic Surveillance in a Digital Age]], Glossary (July 1995) ([http://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk1/1995/9513/9513.PDF full-text]).</ref>}}

'''Access''' is

{{Quote|[t]he [[knowledge]], use, or possession of [[Classified information|classified]] or [[unclassified controlled information]] required by an individual to perform official duties that is provided to the individual on a [[need-to-know]] basis.<ref>[[DOE Manual 470.4-7]], at 2.</ref>}}

:b. exploitable proximity to or ability to approach an individual, facility, or [[information]] that enables [[target]] to carry out the intended mission.<ref>[[Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms]].</ref>}}

{{Quote|the ability and opportunity to obtain [[knowledge]] of [[classified]] [[sensitive information]] or to be in a place where one could expect to gain such [[knowledge]].<ref>Terms & Definitions of Interest for Counterintelligence Professionals (July 9, 2014) ([https://fas.org/irp/eprint/ci-glossary.pdf full-text]).</ref>}}

{{Quote|“Individuals have a wide variety of avenues to '''access''' [[cyberspace]] in general, and the [[Internet]] in particular. In terms of physical access, there are two common methods to establish an actual [[link]] to the [[Internet]]. First, one can use a [[computer]] or [[computer terminal]] that is directly (and usually permanently) connected to a [[computer network]] that is itself directly or indirectly connected to the [[Internet]]. Second, one can use a ‘[[personal computer]]’ with a ‘[[modem]]’ to connect over a telephone line to a larger [[computer]] or [[computer network]] that is itself directly or indirectly connected to the [[Internet]].”<ref>American Civil Liberties Union v. Reno, 929 F. Supp. 824, 832 (E.D. Pa. 1996) ([http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=7999801392201013395&q=929+F.+Supp.+824&hl=en&as_sdt=2002 full-text]), ''aff’d,'' [[Reno v. ACLU|Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union,]] 521 U.S. 844 (1997) ([http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=1557224836887427725&q=521+U.S.+844&hl=en&as_sdt=2002 full-text]).</ref>}}

=== Military ===

'''Access''' is "[t]he ability and opportunity to obtain [[knowledge]] of [[classified information]].<ref>[[Department of the Army Information Security Program]], at 227.</ref>

=== Telecommunications ===

'''Access''' is

{{Quote|[t]he technical capability to [[interface]] with a [[communications facility]], such as a [[communications line]] or [[switch]], so that law enforcement can [[monitor]] and receive [[call setup information]] and [[call content]].<ref>[[Electronic Surveillance in a Digital Age]], at 71.</ref>}}

=== U.S. copyright law ===

'''Access''' means the "opportunity to review the [[copyrighted work]]."<ref>[[E.F. Johnson v. Uniden|E.F. Johnson Co. v. Uniden Corp. of America]], 623 F. Supp. 1485, 1492 n.5 (D. Minn. 1985) ([http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=7748119006515759202&q=623+F.+Supp.+1485&hl=en&as_sdt=2002 full-text]).</ref> In traditional [[copyright infringement]] analysis, if the plaintiff cannot establish that the defendant [[copied]] a [[work]] by [[direct evidence]], it can satisfy its [[burden of proof]] by showing that the defendant had access to the [[copyrighted work]], and that the two [[work]]s are [[substantially similar]].

<div style="{{column-count|4}}">

* [[Access card]]

* [[Access charge]]

* [[Access contract]]

* [[Access control technologies]]

* [[Access in excess of authorization]]

* [[Access list]]

* [[Access mechanism]]

* [[Access method]]

* [[Access minutes]]

* [[Access period]]

* [[Access point]]

* [[Access profile]]

* [[Access service]]

* [[Access software]]

* [[Access software provider]]

* [[Access type]]

* [[Administrative access]]

* [[Authorized access]]

* [[Cloud access]]

* [[Conditional access]]

* [[Controlled access]]

* [[Data access]]

* [[Electronic access]]

* [[Equal access]]

* [[Information access]]

* [[Internet access]]

* [[Internet access service]]

* [[Open access]]

* [[Remote access]]

* [[Switched access]]

* [[Temporary access eligibility]]

* [[Unauthorized access]]

* [[Universal access]]

* [[Write access]]