Editing Chronology of Events - 1800s

The following is a chronological listing of significant events in the development of the field of Information Technology during the 1800s. For other time periods see:

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* [[Chronology of Events - Pre-1700]]
* [[Chronology of Events - 1700s]]
* [[Chronology of Events - 1900-1930s]]
* [[Chronology of Events - 1940s]]
* [[Chronology of Events - 1950s]]
* [[Chronology of Events - 1960s]]
* [[Chronology of Events - 1970s]]
* [[Chronology of Events - 1980s]]
* [[Chronology of Events - 1990s]]
* [[Chronology of Events - 2000s]]
* [[Chronology of Events - 2010s]]

</div>


== 1801 ==

* Joseph-Marie Jacquard makes an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacquard_loom improvement] to the textile loom that used a series of [[punched card]]s as a template to allow his loom to weave intricate patterns [[automatic]]ally. [[Punched card]]s are used later by Charles Babbage (1791-1871) in his plans for the [[Analytical Engine]].

== 1803 ==

* Joseph-Marie Jacquard receives a [[patent]] for the loom that uses [[punch card]]s.

== 1808 ==

* The first working [[typewriter]] is built by Pellegrino Turri for his visually impaired friend, the Countess Carolina Fantoni da Fivizzono.

== 1809 ==

* Samuel Thomas Soemmering invents the electrical [[telegraph]].

== 1811-1813 ==

* The Luddite Movement in England (November 11, 1811 – January 12, 1813) results in the destruction of machinery by workers and craftsmen concerned about the loss of their jobs due to mechanization in the workplace.

== 1820 ==

* Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar creates the "arithometer," the first commercially successful calculating machine.

* Electromagnetism discovered.

== 1822 ==

* Charles Babbage designs the [[Difference Engine]], the first [[automatic]] [[computing]] engine capable of [[computing]] several sets of numbers and making [[hard copies]] of the results.

== 1831 ==

'''February 3, 1831''' &mdash; The first general revision of U.S. [[copyright]] law is enacted. The [[author]]'s [[exclusive rights]] are extended from 14 years to 28 years, with a potential 14-year extension.

* Joseph Henry of Princeton [[invent]]s the first working [[telegraph]].

== 1832 ==

* Semen Korsakov uses [[punch card]]s to [[store]] and [[search]] for [[information]].
* Samuel Morse conceives the [[idea]] of a [[electromagnetic telegraph]].
* A Russian, Baron Schilling, [[invent]]s the [[electromagnetic telegraph]].

== 1833 ==

* Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber invent their own telegraphic [[code]] to [[communicate]] over a distance.

== 1834 ==

* In [[Wheaton v. Peters]], the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] holds that the protection of [[copyright]] is not perpetual, but is limited to promote the creation of new [[work]]s.

* Louis Braille develops the Braille Code to allow the blind to read.

== 1837 ==

'''July 24, 1837''' &mdash; Sir Charles Wheatstone and William Fothergill Cooke [[patent]] the [[telegraph]].

* Charles Babbage conceptualizes and designs a fully [[programmable]] mechanical [[computer]] that he calls the [[Analytical Engine]].

*  Samuel F. B. Morse [[invent]]s a practical form of [[electromagnetic]] [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/sfbmhtml/sfbmtelessay.html telegraph] using an early version of his "[[Morse code]]."

* A law gives the French kingdom a monopoly of [[communications]].

== 1841 ==

* In [[Folsom v. Marsh]], the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] establishes the [[fair use doctrine]].

* Wheatstone [[invent]]s the first type printing [[telegraph]].

== 1842 ==

* [[Facsimile]] [[transmission]] is developed and [[patent]]ed by Alexander Bain as the  "chemical [[telegraph]]."

== 1843 ==

* Per and Georg Scheutz construct the first working [[Difference Engine]] based on Babbage's design in Stockholm.
* William Henry Fox Talbot receives a patent on the first optical [[photocopier]] (a "magnifying apparatus").

== 1844 ==

'''May 24, 1844''' &mdash;  Samuel Morse [[transmit]]s the [http://inventors.about.com/od/mstartinventors/ig/Samuel-Morse---Patent/First-Telegraph-Message.htm first message] "What hath God wrought?" by "[[Morse code]]" between New York and Philadelphia.

== 1845 ==

* The transatlantic [[cable]] is proposed.

== 1846 ==

* Sir William Fotherhill Cooke and Joseph Lewis Ricardo found the Electric Telegraph Company in the U.K.

== 1847 ==

* Frederick Collier Bakewell develops a procedure for [[telecopy]]ing (a forerunner of the [[fax machine]]).

== 1848 ==

* George Boole [[invent]]s [[Boolean algebra]].

== 1850 ==

* A [[telegraph]] line laid between England and France across the English Channel.

== 1851 ==

* Western Union is founded.

== 1853 ==

''' Nov. 30, 1853''' &mdash; George Boole publishes a book titled ''[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15114/15114-pdf.pdf An Investigation on the Laws of Thought]'' on [[symbolic logic]].

* A tabulating machine is invented by Per Georg Scheutz and his son Edvard.

== 1854 ==

* The Playfair cipher is invented by Sir Charles Wheatstone.

== 1855 ==

* Antonio Meucci establishes a [[telephone]] link inside an apartment in New York City.

== 1856 ==

'''July 10, 1856''' &mdash; Nikola Tesla is born.

== 1857 ==

'''March 25, 1857''' &mdash; The phonautograph ([[phonograph]]) is [[patent]]ed by Frenchman Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville.

* Sir Charles Wheatstone uses [[paper tape]] for the preparation, [[storage]], and [[transmission of data]].

* The Treaty of the Six Nations establishes a [[telegraph]] service cartel, dividing the  countries into six sections and assigning each section to one firm.

== 1858 ==

'''August 16, 1858''' &mdash; The first transatlantic cable is successfully completed. It runs from Ireland to Newfoundland. It only remained in service a few days before failing. [Subsequent cables laid in 1866 were successful.]

== 1861 ==

'''March 4, 1861''' &mdash; The new [[Government Printing Office]] opens its doors on the same day Abraham Lincoln is inaugurated as the 16th President.

* The [[telephone]] is [[invent]]ed by Philipp Reiss, a German teacher.

* [[Western Union]] completes its first transcontinental [[telegraph]] line, mainly along railroad rights-of-way.

== 1865 ==

* The "International Telegraph Union" (now the [[International Telecommunication Union]]) ([[ITU]]) is founded in Paris by the [[International Telegraph Convention]].

* A telegraphic message is transmitted 18 miles by [[radio]].

== 1866 ==

* Transatlantic [[cable]]s laid in 1866 are successful and remain in use for almost 100 years

== 1868 ==

'''July 14, 1868''' &mdash; Christopher Sholes [[patent]]s a [[typewriter]] with the [[QWERTY]] [[layout]] [[keyboard]].

== 1869 ==

* William Stanley Jevons designs a practical logic machine.

== 1870 ==

'''July 8, 1870''' &mdash; In the second major revision of [[copyright law]], [[U.S. Congress]] centralizes copyright activities (including registration and deposit within the [[Library of Congress]].
* French [[telegraph]] engineer Émile Baudot [[invent]]ed the [[Baudot Code]].

== 1872 ==

* Western Electric Manufacturing Company is established.

== 1873 ==

* The [[QWERTY keyboard]] is invented by Christopher Sholes. Commercial production of [[typewriter]]s begins.

== 1875 ==

''' May 17, 1865''' &mdash; The [[International Telegraph Convention]] was signed by 20 States.

== 1876 ==

'''February 27, 1876''' &mdash; Thomas Sanders, Gardiner G. Hubbard and Alexander Graham Bell found the Bell Patent Association.

'''March 10, 1876''' &mdash; Alexander Graham Bell [[patent]]s the [[telephone]] (U.S. Patent No. 174,465; "Improvements in Transmitters and Receivers for Electric Telegraph") ([http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/albell/bpat.1.html full-text]).

== 1877 ==

'''July 9, 1877''' &mdash; Bell Telephone Company is organized in Boston, Massachusetts.

'''November 21, 1877'''	&mdash; Thomas Edison and announces the first [[phonograph]] capable of [[recording]] and replaying [[sound]]s.

* The [[microphone]] is [[invent]]ed by Emile Berliner.

== 1878 ==

* Ramon Verea [[invent]]s a fast [[calculator]] with an internal multiplication table.

* The American Speaking Telephone Company is created by [[Western Union]] to compete with the Bell Telephone Company.

* The French Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs is created.

== 1879 ==

'''February 17, 1879''' &mdash; The National Telephone Company is formed to provide [[telephone service]] throughout the United States, based on Elisha Gray's [[patent]]s. It will be dissolved by a [[court order]] in 1903.

== 1880 ==

'''April 1, 1880''' &mdash; Alexander Graham Bell and his assistant Charles Summer Tainter [[transmit]] the first [[wireless]] [[telephone]] message 213 [[meter]]s on a beam of light (the "light-beam photophone").

== 1881 ==

* The first [[telephone]] [[Yellow Pages]] directory is published.

== 1882 ==

'''February 1882''' &mdash; Western Electric and American Bell enter an [[agreement]] where Western Electric becomes the exclusive supplier to American Bell.

* Bell Telephone acquires Western Electric Company.

== 1884 ==

* Hermann Hollerith files a [[patent application]] on [[electromechanical]] [[tabulation]].

* Dorr E. Felt develops the Comptometer, which is operated by pressing [[key]]s.

* The [[IEEE]] is founded.

== 1885 ==

'''April 3, 1885''' &mdash; American Telephone and Telegraph Corporation ([[AT&T]]) is established to create a commercially viable, nationwide long-distance network.
The Ministry of Communications is esablished in Japan.

== 1886 ==

'''September 9, 1886''' &mdash; The [[Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works]], an international [[copyright]] [[treaty]] is ratified in Berne, Switzerland.

== 1887 ==

* Heinrich Hertz discovers [[electromagnetic waves]].

* The phonograph player is [[patent]]ed.

* The gramophone record is [[invent]]ed.

== 1888 ==

* Kodak [[invent]]s the first [[handheld]] [[camera]].

== 1889 ==

* Herman Hollerith is awarded three [[patent]]s (U.S. Patent Nos. 395,781, 395,782, and 395,783) for an [[electromechanical]] [[machine]] for tabulating [[information]] [[stored]] on [[punched card]]s.
* The North American Phonograph Company begins selling brown wax cylinders. While they were intended primarily for office dictation, they are also used for [[entertainment]] and [[home recording]].

== 1890 ==

* Herman Hollerith uses an [[automated]] [[punch card]] machine, manufactured by the Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation, for the U.S. census. Hollerith's firm merges with several other companies to become [[IBM]] in 1924.

*  Telephone service begins in Japan.

* Samuel Warren and Louis Brandeis publish their landmark law review article titled "[[The Right to Privacy]]" in volume 4 of the Harvard Law Review.

== 1891 ==

* The first [[dial phone]] is [[installed]].

== 1893 ==

* The original Bell [[telephone]] [[patent]] expires.
* Nikolai Tesla successfully [[transmit]]s [[radio wave]]s [[wireless]]ly.
* U.S. Gramophone Co. begins selling mass-produced flat disc [[recording]]s for home entertainment.

== 1895 ==

* [[U.S. Congress]] mandates that U.S. government works are not subject to [[copyright protection]].
* Guglielmo Marconi makes a [[wireless]] [[transmission]].

== 1896 ==

'''December 3, 1896''' &mdash; Hermann Hollerith's business is incorporated as the Tabulating Machine Company (TMC). The company develops an automatic [[punch card]] sorter.

* Marconi makes the first long-distance [[wireless]] [[transmission]] (the "radio").

== 1897 ==

'''February 19, 1897''' &mdash; The [[U.S. Copyright Office]] is established as a separate department of the [[Library of Congress]]. The position of [[Register of Copyrights]] is established.
* A [[wireless]] [[telegraph]] [[system]] is developed by Eugène Ducretet.

== 1898 ==

* Nikola Tesla [[invent]]s the [[remote control]].

== 1899 ==

* The Wireless Telegraph Company of America is created by Guglielmo Marconi.
[[Category:Chronology]]